2^nd International Conference on Infectious Diseases & Diagnostic Microbiology September 13-14, 2017 Dallas, Texas, USA

vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. It  is prepared from live or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccination prevents infectious diseases, responsible for the eradication and restriction of some diseases from much world.Vaccines are also able to induce herd immunity.  When the disease causing agent is entered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the virus, and thus is prepared to respond, by (1) nullifying the target agent, (2)perceiving and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply.

The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antimicrobials can be grouped in several ways including spectrum of activity, effect on bacteria and mode of action.  Agents that kill harmful microbes are called microbicidal, while those that merely inhibit their growth are called biostatic. The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial treatment.

Microbial metabolism depends on the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients. It also focuses on the substrate oxidations and dissimilation reactions which is generally used  to generate energy. Microbial metabolism is the study of the uptake and usage of the inorganic or organic compounds required for proliferation and nurturing of a cellular steady state  Microbes use different types of metabolic approaches and species based on metabolic characteristics.

The battle between pathogens and the host immune defenses has raged for thousands of years. The immune system has developed a variety of approaches to controlling viral and bacterial infection, which range from direct killing of pathogen to elaborating cytokines that inhibit replication. Pathogens have countered by developing a variety of immune evasion mechanisms. So there is a critical need for new technologies in clinical microbiology, particularly for bloodstream infections, in which associated mortality is among the highest of all infections.

It is an essential to identify  microorganisms and their susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. Clinical diagnosis plays a crucial role due to growing resistnace of certain bacteria to antibiotics and introduction of new technologies and automated solutions. Diagnostic tests offer both medical and economic advantages.The development of novel technologies has led to remarkable changes in the role of diagnostics. Faster time-to-results and the detection of disease at the primary stage facilitate patients to receive the well-timed treatment more quickly.  

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms.The  diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways such as airborne, respiratory, food or water, insects, direct contact, indirect contact, fecal-oral and vector transimission.                     Hepatitis B,  Hepatitis C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tuberculosis (TB), Chlamydiatrachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (CT/NG), humanpapillomavirus (HPV), Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and others (Influenza, Ebola, Typhoid, Malaria, Dengue and Zika) are some of the wide spread infectious diseases in the world. Out of which some of them yet don’t have any known medicine. Based on WHO's statistics,the combination of AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis is responsible for half (approximately 5 million) of all infectious-disease deaths each year.                                       

Organisms that cause infectious diseases in plants include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses,viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, spiroplasms, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Common pathogenic infection methods are cell wall degrading enzymes, toxins, effector proteins. Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs.  New methods are needed to detect diseases and pests early, such as novel sensors that detect plant odours and spectroscopy and biophotonics that are able to diagnostic plant health and metabolism.

Infectious diseases of livestock are a major threat to global animal health and welfare. Zoonotic infections that are transmissible either directly or indirectly between animals and humans are increasing and pose remarkable threats to human health.  Influenza A (H1N1), Some emerging diseases such as measles, smallpox, influenza, HIV, diptheria, West Nile virus, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, cat-scratch fever (bartonellosis), legionellosis and cryptosporidiosis are actually much older, but the causative agents were recognized only relatively recently.

 Food is an excellent vehicle by which many pathogens (bacteria, viruses/prions and parasites) can reach an appropriate colonisation site in a new host. Although food production practices change, the well-recognised food-borne pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, seem able to evolve to exploit novel opportunities. . Many foodborne parasitic pathogens are known (for example Ascaris, Cryptosporidia and Trichinella) but few of these are effectively monitored in foods, livestock and wildlife The number of food-borne bacteria recognized as being capable of causing human illness has increased in recent years. The emergence of these pathogens has given rise to increased interest in using irradiation as a preservation technique in the food industry.  Each year, an estimated 48 million people in the United States experience a foodborne illness. Foodborne illnesses cause about 3,000 deaths in the United States annually.

Current techniques for rapid diagnosis of microbial infections by direct detection of the microbial agent include enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests, immunofluorescence, latex agglutination assays, and nucleic acid hybridization procedures  for the near future, the preferred methods for rapid diagnosis will be by (1) EIA tests utilizing monoclonal antibodies and improved enzyme detection systems, and (2) improved latex agglutination procedures for certain antigens.

 It is very much important to diagnose the disease even before it becomes serious threat. Technology has many more advancements now a days.  In addition, criteria such as environmental stability, ease of production, disease severity, and communicability determine which agents are the most likely to be utilized. There are several emerging infectious diseases (ID) with the potential for significant public health consequences, including dengue fever as well as the recent reemergence of zika virus in Brazil. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have made possible the production of fusion antibody conjugates, which may lead to further improvements in the sensitivity and cost of reagents, as well as possibly revolutionizing the microbial techniques. At the same time, simple-to-use, inexpensive assay systems have been developed with the necessary reliability, accuracy, and sensitivity to bring immunoassay technology to much more diverse areas.

Advanced Therapies in Diagnostic Microbiology 

Many advanced therapies have been invented to diagnose the infection. Standard therapies and recent advances have been invented. The treatment options include the use of cyberknives which is the latest molecular diagnostic tool for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Recent techniques have proved that there is no disease that cannot be treated. The wonderful cure by antimicrobials shifted the disease trends from infectious to life-style diseases in the developed world. The recent trends in development of antimicrobial resistance are more towards Gram Negative bacteria, although significant resistance is seenwith Gram positive bacteria (MRSA, Clostridiumdifficle) also. Similar reports are seen with Viruses (HIV), parasites (Plasmodiumfalciparum) and several antifungals. These modalities form the hope for the future to curb the development of antimicrobial resistance.

                                         Advances in high-throughput DNA-sequencing techniques have given us the unprecedented ability to rapidly determine the nucleotide sequences of entire bacterial genomes. For some specific applications, microalgae can be considered even a better system than bacteria and fungi. There are several regulatory and ethical issues regarding the safety and efficacy of this therapies . Further research and clinical trials are needed, and more data is required for their approval by US-FDA. These therapies are a new hope to save the humanity from menace of antimicrobial resistance.